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:: Volume 4 - Philippine Journal of Educational Measurement
CONTENTS:
Virgilio G. Enriquez, Ph.D.
Ma. Angeles C. Guanzon
Annadaisy J. Carlota, Ph.D.
Babes Almario-Velasco
Phoebe D. Williams, Ph.D.
Volume 4 Abstracts
Towards the Assessment of Personality and Culture: The "Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao"
Virgilio G. Enriquez, Ph D
Ma. Angeles C. Guanzon
Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines
The "PANUKAT NG UGALI AT PAGKATAO" (PUP) aims to tap specific values, traits and behavioral dimensions relevant or meaningful to the study of values, traits and behavioral dimensions relevant or meaningful to the study of Southeast Asian personality, in general and the personality structure of the Filipino, in particular. The PUP consists of 24 subscales which tap selected personality dimensions. These 24 subscales consist of 124 items in all. Aside from the 24 subscales, there are two validity subscales and 15 identifier items. All in all, the PUP is composed of 160 items. The present study reports comparative mean scores obtained from nine major Filipino ethnic groups in 26 subscales. Based on 3669 respondents, national mean scores and standard deviations were obtained in 24 value/trait subscales and two validity subscales. Construct validation studies on nine (9) subscales out of twenty-four (24) subscales of the test were done on the Filipino version of the test. Reliability studies have been done on all versions of the PUP. The PUP 1982, a (Filipino) version of the test yielded a reliability coefficient equal to .901. The Bahasa Malaysian and English translation of the test as well as six (6) other translations into selected Philippine languages (Ilocano, Bicolano, Cebuano, Waray, Ilonggo and Maranao) were taken to be linguistically equivalent versions but further studies are needed to establish empirical equivalence. The two Filipino parallel forms of the Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (Form A and Form B) are used for research purposes whenever repeated testing needs to be done. A review of the research experience with the PUP has shown that while appropriate in the urban setting for screening applicants for a college position or a job, as a paper-and-pencil test it is difficult to administer and inappropriate for use in the rural setting. In an attempt to develop norms and validate the PUP, it was found that PUP administration in the form of a structured interview in lieu of paper-and-pencil testing was not particularly appropriate and rather cumbersome for the Filipino farmer. A suitable alternative method in assessing the Filipino farmer's personality was thus proposed: that of unstructured interview coupled with content analysis of responses and systematic observation. Informal statements made during the course of the interviews were found to be more relevant, informative and reflective of the Filipino farmer's personality structure and value system than the results gathered from the PUP's administration. Having found that there is a direct relationship between the quality of data one gets and the nature of the interaction with the Filipino respondent, we propose another approach to personality assessment in the Philippine setting. This approach is based on the research concept that social interaction should be a meaningful focus of analysis for Filipino personality researchers. Eight levels and modes of interaction in Filipino have been identified: pakikitungo (transactions/civility with), pakikisalamuha (interaction with), pakikilahok (Joining/participating with), pakikibagay (in conformity with/in accord with), pakikisama (being along with), pakikipagpalagayan/pakikipagpalagayang loob (being in rapport/understanding/acceptance with), pakikisangkot (getting involved), and pakikiisa (being one with). Experience with the rural folk in Philippine barrios showed that there are differences in conceptual and behavioral meaning among these concepts. It is therefore argued that the research data one gets from the Filipino respondent depends on the level of interaction the researcher has with him.
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The Development of the Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino (PPP)
Annadaisy J. Carlota, Ph D
Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines
The applicability of western tests for measuring Filipino personality and behavior has always been questioned. In response local measures, such as the Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino (PPP), have been created. The article described the history of the instrument, which began with an initial item pool of 425 items, representing statements of behavioral manifestations of traits elicited from 267 respondents. The pre-test version of the PPP was administered to 245 respondents for item-refinement. Selecting statements with the highest item-total correlations narrowed down the inventory to 220 items, with an average internal consistency reliability of .72. An abbreviated form of the PPP was subsequently developed, resulting in 150 items, and average reliabilities of .54. The internal structure and psychometric properties of the instrument were further discussed in the article. Findings of other research work on the PPP were also presented. Topics for further research on the PPP were suggested.
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Development of an Instrument for the Assessment of Rural Filipino Children's Adaptive Competence as an Alternative to Traditional Intelligence Measurement
Babes Almario Velazco
Center for Educational Measurement
Potentialities of rural Filipinos who comprise more than 85% of the nation are largely untapped. Substantial national progress is impossible without the optimum development of this great human resource. Basic to tapping the potentialities of the rural masses are the exploration of how these potentialities are expressed and the determination of how they can be fairly assessed. This study was an attempt in the direction of investigating the mode of expression of the rural children's potentialities and developing an assessment instrument which is culturally and environmentally relevant to assess such potentialities. A main assumption which guided the study was that potentialities can be manifested through intelligent functioning in one's environment or through adaptive competence. Another major assumption was that the construct of adaptive competence can be arrived at through the consensus of indigenous adult conceptions of behavioral exemplars of intelligent functioning or adaptive competence in that environment. In exploring indigenous conceptions of adaptive competence, 38 adults in Lucsuhin, Silang, Cavite were interviewed. From these interviews emerged the indigenous conceptions of intelligent functioning, on the basis of which the assessment instrument was constructed and termed Adaptive Competencies Rating Form (ACRF). Forty 4-9 year old children in Lucsuhin constituted the final group of subjects and were rated on the ACRF by 80 adults (two raters per child). Another final ACRF administration was done in Bulacnin, Lipa, Batangas using 72 5-7 year old children rated by 72 adults. Two instruments were developed specifically for the study: the interview questionnaire which tapped indigenous conceptions of intelligence or adaptive competence from three different perspectives, and the Adaptive Competencies Rating Form, which assessed the rural children's adaptive competencies. A third instrument used as a criterion measure was an indigenized Western type of intelligence test (Katigbak, 1984).
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The Metro Manila Developmental Screening Test: A Normative Study
Phoebe D. Williams, Ph.D.
College of Nursing, University of the Philippines
University of Florida, Gainesville
This study aimed to establish Metro Manila (Philippines) norms for the Denver Developmental Screening Test and to determine the characteristics of children whose scores are normal and those whose scores are abnormal or questionable on the test. The subjects were 6,006 children from 4,846 households of Metro Manila. Probit analysis established the ages at which 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% of the sample passed each of the 105 test items. Discriminant analysis showed four clusters of factors that were significantly associated with children's performance. These were a substitute-care-giver variable cluster, a mother variable cluster, a child-situational variable cluster, and an age variable cluster. 
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